Class/Title/Content
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Readings and Assignments
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6. Factor analysis
- A brief introduction to exploratory factor analysis: choosing items, choosing the number of factors to extract, factor extraction methods, factor rotation methods, and interpretation of factors
- The role of factor analysis in theory development and test construction
Lecture: Steven E. Gregorich, Ph.D. |
Class 6: Slides
Class 6 Readings
- Kline P. An easy guide to factor analysis. London: Routledge, 1994. Read chapter 1. A general description of factor analysis. (pp 1-13).
- Pett MA, Lackey NR, and Sullivan JJ. Making sense of factor analysis: The use of factor analysis for instrument development in health care research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2003. Read chapter 1: An overview of factor analysis. (pp. 1-12).
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7. Measurement issues in research with diverse populations including health disparities research
- Conceptual and psychometric adequacy in diverse groups
- Integrating qualitative and quantitative methods to determine adequacy
- Translating measures
- Introduction to testing psychometric invariance across diverse groups
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Class 7: Slides
Class 7 Readings
- Stewart AL, Nápoles-Springer AM. Advancing health disparities research: can we afford to ignore measurement issues? Medical Care, 2003;41(11):1207-1220.
- Beaton DE, Bombardier C, Guillemin F, and Ferraz MB. Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. Spine. 2000;25(24):3186-3191.
- Weidmer-Ocampo B, Johansson P, Dalpoas D, Wharton D, Darby C, and Hays RD. Adapting CAHPS® for an American Indian Population. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved. 2009;20:695-712.
Class 7 Handout
- Guidelines for translating surveys – annotated bibliography
Corresponding task on review matrix: Complete FINAL rows 27-34 (various issues for research in diverse populations, information on modifying measures)
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8. Pretesting measures and creating a questionnaire
- Types of pretests, focus groups, cognitive interviewing, writing probes, special issues in recruiting subjects for pretests
- Creating a self-report questionnaire, sections, instructions, order, formatting, thinking about data entry
- Keeping track of study measures (sources, selection criteria, adaptations)
Examples of various surveys/questionnaires will be available before and after class for formatting ideas.
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Class 8: Slides
Class 8 Readings
- DeMaio TJ and Rothgeb JM. Cognitive interviewing techniques in the lab and in the field. In N Schwarz and S Sudman (eds). Answering Questions: Methodology for Determining Cognitive and Communicative Processes in Survey Research. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1996. NOTE: bibliography is for the entire book.
- Nápoles-Springer AM, Santoyo J, O’Brien H, Stewart AL. Using cognitive interviews to develop surveys in diverse populations. Medical Care, 2006;44(Suppl 3):S21-S30.
- Mullin PA, Lohr KN, Bresnahan BW, and McNulty P. Applying cognitive design principles in formatting HRQOL instrument. Quality of Life Research, 2000, 9:13-27.
Class 8 Handouts
- Using cognitive interviews to develop surveys – annotated bibliography
- Sample cognitive interview Part I QUESTIONS
- Sample cognitive interview Part I SURVEY
- Sample cognitive interview protocol – Hays and Morales
- Sample guide to measures used in questionnaire/survey
Corresponding task: Create a short “questionnaire” of the 2 measures, including instructions. Create a guide to measures (template provided). For one measure, write 4 probe questions. Conduct 2 pretest interviews using the probes; if possible, with individuals similar to those you wish to study.
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9. Interpreting pretest data and considerations in modifying measures
- Analyzing pretest data, interpreting pretest results (how to decide if problems are serious enough to warrant modification of a selected measure)
- Issues in modifying measures
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Class 9: Slides
Class 9 Readings
- Switzer GE et al. Selecting, developing, and evaluating research instruments. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 1999 (Article from class 3: read pages 405-406 (modified measures).
- Stewart AL, Thrasher AD, Goldberg J, Shea JA. A framework for understanding modifications to measures for diverse populations. J Aging Health. 2012 Sep;24(6):992-1017. PMC3768261
- Juniper EF. Modification, translation and adaptation of questionnaires; should copyright laws be observed? Quality of Life Research, published online 03 February 2009.
Corresponding task: Summarize your pretest findings. Indicate whether the measure appears to be appropriate for the people you pretested (no inferences to broader sample). |
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10. Testing scales/measures in your own research, creating scores, presenting measurement data
- Preparing raw data, item analysis, testing reliability in your sample, deriving multi-item scale scores
- Presenting measurement results internally and externally, presenting and interpreting change scores
- Creating a study questionnaire
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Class 10: Slides
Class 10 Readings: None
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